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Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism, refers to the traditions of Esoteric Buddhism found in Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra before 700 CE, which predate the arrival of Esoteric Buddhism in Greater Tibet and the Himalayan region. The particular lineage in Indonesia is referred to as ''Mantranaya'' ("Mantra Path"). Mantranaya is historically designated and evident in the oldest extant Old Javanese esoteric Buddhist literature. Mantranaya is an extension of Mahayana Buddhism consisting of differences in the adoption of additional techniques (upaya, or 'skillful means') rather than in philosophy. Some of these ''upāya'' are esoteric practices which must be initiated and transmitted esoterically only through a skilled spiritual teacher.〔(Initiation, Empowerment or wangkur )〕 ==History== The Buddhist empire of Srivijaya in Palembang, Sumatra was for more than 600 years the centre of Esoteric Buddhist learning in the Far East. Yi Jing (635-713) praised the high level of Buddhist scholarship in Srivijaya and advised Chinese monks to study there prior to making the journey to the great institution of learning, Nalanda Vihara, India. He wrote: The temple complex at Borobudur in central Java was built as a Mandala, a giant three-dimensional representation of Esoteric Buddhist cosmology. All of the buddha statues on each of its four sides have the same mudra, corresponding to one of the Dhyani Buddhas of the cardinal compass directions. Another line of thought points to the depiction of the Gandavyuha, the last chapter of the Flower Garland or Avatamsaka sutra on the median levels of the Borobudur stupa (and Buddha's birth story from the Lalitavistara on the lowest). The English language translation of the entire Avatamsaka sutra was completed in the early nineties of the 20th century as yet unidentified upper bas-reliefs on the Borobudur may depict episodes of this sutra. The Avatamsaka sutra does not preach a specific group of Dhyana Buddhas but rather insists on innumeral identical Buddhas throughout the universe. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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